INDONESIAN
ECONOMY OF AGE SOEKARNO TO SBY
1.
Sukarno, a phenomenal figure and admired not
only by the nation of Indonesia but also throughout the world. Besides known
for its leadership, also known as kepiawaianya soekarno in a variety of ways,
ranging from the struggle for independence, politics and diplomacy, economics,
art and a variety of other things including women's affairs. Even so we will
not discuss the lunge Ir. Sukarno in the political field or business woman.
Like the title that we made we will discuss about "ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT IN
THE ERA SOEKARNO".
As a freedom fighter leader, the first
President of Indonesia at the same Proclaimers, Indonesia's economy can not be
separated from the figure Ir. Sukarno. As the person who first led Sukarno Indonesia
is arguably the foundation stone of Indonesia's economy. Some of the measures
taken under the Soekarno government include:
• Nationalization Bank to Bank Indonesia
• Securing the efforts of many
people concerning dignity
• Trying to decide control of the Netherlands
in the field of import-export trade
• As well as some other
policies aimed at promoting Indonesian economy. And more details will be discussed in the next
chapter.
INDONESIA
ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT OF TIME TO TIME.
Indonesia's
economic system was initially supported by the launch Oeang Repoeblik Indonesia
(ORI), which became the first currency of the Republic of Indonesia, which then
turned into Rupiah.
After
independence until 1965, Indonesia entered the era perekonomoian very difficult,
because the Indonesian people facing social unrest, political and security are
very powerful, so that economic growth less attention. Economic activities is
minimal, large companies when it is a colonial relic company majority owned by
foreigners, where export-oriented products. Socio-political stability and
security are less stable makes these companies stagnate.
In the
period of 1950s Indonesia apply the model guidance in the management of
economic development, the archetype Growth with Distribution of Wealth in which
the dominant role of the central government in regulating economic growth
(development plan of the universe). This model does not work, because it is so
complex the issues of economic, social, political and security faced by the
government and would like to be resolved jointly and simultaneously. Peak of
the failure of the old order of economic development is occurring hyper
inflation reached 500% at the end of 1965.
In the
reign of the Old Order, Indonesia does not fully adapt to the capitalist
economic system, but also combine them with economic nationalism. Inexperienced
government, still intervene in some production activities that affect many
people. This, coupled political turmoil, resulting in economic instability in
the country.
New
Order governance immediate economic discipline that aims to curb inflation,
stabilize the currency, foreign debt rescheduling, and trying to attract
foreign aid and investment. In the 1970's era of rising petroleum prices led to
surging exports, economic growth and trigger levels are higher on average by 7%
between 1968 and 1981. Further economic reforms by the end of 1980, including
but not limited deregulation financial sector and the weakening of the rupiah
controlled, further foreign investment flows into Indonesia, particularly in
export-oriented industries in the years 1989 to 1997 Indonesia Economic decline
in the late 1990s due to the economic crisis that hit most parts of Asia at
that time, that accompanied the end of the New Order regime of President
Suharto's resignation dated May 21, 1998.
Currently
the Indonesian economy has been fairly stable. Indonesia's GDP growth in 2004
and 2005 exceeded 5%, and is expected to continue. Nevertheless, the impact of
growth was not large enough to affect the unemployment rate, which was 9.75%.
Estimates of 2006, as many as 17.8% of people live below the poverty line, and
there are 49.0% of people living on less than U.S. $ 2 per day.
Indonesia
has large natural resources outside Java, including crude oil, natural gas,
tin, copper, and gold. Indonesia's second largest natural gas exporter in the
world, although lately he has become a net importer of crude oil. The main
agricultural products include rice, tea, coffee, spices, and rubber. The
services sector is the largest contributor to GDP, which reached 45.3% of GDP
in 2005. While the industrial sector accounted for 40.7%, and the agricultural
sector accounted for 14.0%. Nevertheless, the agricultural sector employs more
people than other sectors, ie 44.3% of the 95 million workers. The service
sector employs 36.9%, and the rest of the industrial sector at 18.8%.
Although
rich in natural and human resources, Indonesia is still facing major problems
in the field of poverty is largely due to the rampant corruption in the
government. Institute Transparency International ranked Indonesia as ranked 143
of 180 countries in the Corruption Perception Index, which issued in 2007.
2.
Economic
situation at the time of Suharto
At the beginning of the New Order, Suharto
tried hard to fix the Indonesian economy collapsed, and managed for some time.
Economic conditions in Indonesia when Suharto ruled the first state of the
economy with inflation is very high, 650% a year, "said Emil Salim, a
former minister in Suharto.
People who used to be known as one of the
president's economic adviser Salim added the first step taken by Suharto, who
can be said to be successful, is to control inflation from 650% to below 15%
within just two years. To curb inflation so high, Suharto made a different
policy away with Sukarno's policy, his predecessor. This he did with the budget
discipline, to curb the banking sector, restore the market economy, attention
economy, and embrace the western countries to attract capital.
Policy pursued in the days of Suharto
According
to Salim, Suharto applying military means to deal with the economic problems
facing Indonesia, namely by imposing strict targets. The government then did
General Long-Term Development Patterns (25-30 years) conducted a five-yearly periodical
called Pelita (Five Year Development) that with the involvement of technocrats
from the University of Indonesia, he succeeded in obtaining a loan from Western
countries and financial institutions such as the IMF and the World Bank.
Liberalization of trade and investment then opened selebarnya. This is from the
beginning questioned by Kwik Kian Gie, which assesses the economic policies of
Suharto made Indonesia tied to the strength of foreign
capital.
Besides,
Suharto since the 1970s also boost oil and mining, so the state of the oil and
gas revenue increased from $ 0.6 billion in 1973 to $ 10.6 billion in 1980.
Climax is the income from the oil and gas that has a value equal to 80%
Indonesian exports. With this policy, Indonesia under the New Order, can be
counted as a successful case of economic development.
The
success of Pak Harto fix the economic field so that Indonesia self-sufficient
in food in the 1980s beginning with the improvement in the political field.
Streamlining policies and the application of the principle of a single party
government adopted the New Order, against the backdrop of the Old Order
experience when multi-party politics led to depleted energy to fight. Assertive
leadership style as it was practiced during the Suharto New Order recognized by
Kwik Kian Gie is needed to fix the mess the Indonesian economy in the late
1960s.
3.
Economic situation at the time B.J. Habibie
(May 21, 1998-20 Oktober 1999)
President
BJ Habibie was the first president in the reform era . In the early period of
his presidency smelling each considered the regime of Suharto and the extension
of the hand , knowing he was one of the closest and it was believed by Suharto
. Since the financial crisis that hit Indonesia in mid tahgun 1997, the company
experienced kerugaian private companies that are not small , even the company
experienced difficulties in meeting its obligations to pay the salaries and
wages of workers . Such a situation is a matter of considerable weight because
on one hand the company experienced a sizable kerugaian and on the other hand
the workers demanding higher wages . The workers' demands for higher salaries
is very difficult to be met by the company , ultimately many companies are
taking action to reduce labor and layoffs occurred . Deteriorating economic
conditions , because at the end of 1997 nine basic staple food supply in the
market began to thin . This led to the prices of goods go up uncontrollably.
Hunger and food shortages began to hit people . It is the fault of the New Order
government that has the aim of making the Republic of Indonesia as an industry
, but does not consider the real conditions in Indonesian society is a society
which agrasis and education levels are still relatively low . And ultimately
the poor in Indonesia has increased and so does the burden of government in
boosting the economy to improve kesejehteraan people .
Habibie,
who served as president of Indonesia faced paced existence severe. The measures
undertaken by the Habibie is trying to overcome the economic crisis and to run
the government, President Habibie may not be able to carry it out themselves
without any assistance from ministers of his cabinet. On May 22, 1998, the
third President of the Republic of Indonesia BJ He formed a new cabinet is
called Cabinet. The cabinet consists of 16 ministers, and the ministers were
drawn from elements of the military (ABRI), Golkar, PPP, and PDI.
Policy pursued in the days B.J. Habibie
To resolve the financial
crisis and economic recovery of Indonesia, BJ Habibie perform the following
steps:
1.
Recapitulate banking and applying the
independence of Bank Indonesia's economy to be more focused care.
Bank Indonesia is an independent state
agency based on Law no. 30 of 1999 concerning Bank Indonesia. In order to
achieve the goal to achieve and maintain the stability of the rupiah, Bank
Indonesia is supported by three (3) pillars which is three (3) areas of Bank
Indonesia's main tasks:
-Establish and implement monetary policy
-Set up and maintain smooth operation of
payment systems
-Organize and supervise the Bank
2. Liquidate some troubled
banks.
Liquidity is the ability of
the company to meet its short term obligations. Another understanding is the
ability of a person or company to fulfill the obligations or debts that must be
paid immediately with its current property. The number of private corporate
debt maturity and could not afford it and the government eventually took over
troubled banks in order to maintain economic stability in Indonesia, which at
that time was still fragile.
3. Raising the exchange rate
During the first five months
of 1998, the rupiah against the U.S. dollar fluctuates. During the first
quarter, the exchange rate would average around Rp9200, - and then decreased to
about Rp8000 in April to mid-May. The rupiah tended to over 10,000, - since the
third week of May. Increasing trend of the exchange rate since May 1998 related
to the turbulent political and social conditions. the exchange rate rose to Rp.
6500 per U.S. dollar at the end of pemerintahnnya.
4 . Implement economic reforms
signaled by the IMF .
On the 15th of January , 1998
( still new order ) Indonesia has signed a 50 point agreement ( letter of
intent or Lol ) with the IMF . One is to provide assistance ( loans ) to banks
experiencing liquidity problems . This scheme is based Indonesian agreement
with the IMF in addressing the crisis . Bank Indonesia Liquidity Assistance (
BLBI ) is a consequence of the issuance of government policy as stipulated in
Presidential Decree No.26/1998 and No.55/1998 Presidential Decree . Decree was
issued after the letter preceded the advent of central bank governor (
Soedradjad Djiwandono , when it was ) dated December 26, 1997 to the President
and approved by the Secretary of State a letter of President Suharto in
accordance No.R 183/M.sesneg/12/19997 . On the basis of the laws that implement
the distribution BLBI Bank Indonesia ( Bank Indonesia Liquidity Assistance ) to
national banks . BLBI total disbursed to the national banking restructuring
program completed reached Rp144 , 5 billion , the funds were channeled into 48
banks .
5.
Enact Law. 5 of 1999 on the Prohibition of
Monopolistic Practices and Unfair Competition
6.
To
ratify the Law. 8 of 1999 on Consumer Protection
4.
The economic situation at the time of Gus Dur
(20 October 1999-23 July 2001)
In
mid-1999 general elections, which finally won by the Indonesian democratic
party of Struggle (PDI-P). Golkar Party got the second position, which is
actually quite surprising many in the community. In October 1999, a general
assembly and the presidential election was held on 20 October 1999. KH
Abdurrahman Wahid, known as Gus dur elected as the fourth president of
Indonesia and mega pendonor as vice president. October 20 became the final end
of the transitional government, and the beginning of the Wahid government often
also called government reforms.
In
economic terms, compared to the previous year (1999) Indonesia's economy began
to show an improvement. GDP growth rate ranging positive, although not far from
0% in 2000 and the selection process of the Indonesian economy is much better,
with a growth rate of nearly 5%. In addition to GDP growth, inflation and
interest rate (SBI) is also low, indicating that monetary conditions in the
know have started to stabilize.
Policy pursued in the days of Gus Dur
During the leadership of
president Abdurrahman Wahid has been no means sufficient action to save
Indonesia from adversity. Leadership Abdurraman Wahid ended because of his
administration to confront the problem of conflict between ethnic and
inter-religious.
5.
Economic situation during Megawati (23 July
2001-20 October 2004)
Megawati
administration inherited the Indonesian economy is far worse than the reign
Gusdur. Inflation faced Mutual Aid Cabinet leader Megawati also very heavy. The
low economic growth in Indonesia during the Megawati administration caused,
among others, are still underdeveloped private investors, both domestic private
mauoun. Look at other indicators, namely exchange rate, Indonesia's economy is
on better Megawati administration. But CSPI tends to decline in 1999, the
Indonesian economy due to less interesting for investors, both disebabkanoleh
high deposit rates.
Policies are made at the
time of Megawati
Policies adopted to address
the economic problems, among others:
a.
Requesting postponement of debt repayment of
U.S. $ 5.8 billion in Paris Club
meetings 3rd and allocate foreign debt amounting to Rp 116.3 trillion.
b.
Kebijakan privatisasi BUMN. Privatisasi adalah
menjual perusahaan negara di dalam periode krisis dengan tujuan melindungi
perusahaan negara dari intervensi kekuatan-kekuatan politik dan mengurangi
beban negara. Hasil penjualan itu berhasil menaikkan pertumbuhan ekonomi
Indonesia menjadi 4,1 %. Namun kebijakan ini memicu banyak kontroversi, karena
BUMN yang diprivatisasi dijual ke perusahaan asing. Megawati bermaksud
mengambil jalan tengah dengan menjual beberapa asset Negara untuk membayar
hutang luar negeri. Akan tetapi, hutang Negara tetap saja menggelembung karena
pemasukan Negara dari berbagai asset telah hilang dan pendapatan Negara menjadi
sangat berkurang.
6.
Economic circumstances during SBY (October 20,
2004-present)
In the
SBY government policy is to reduce subsidies Indonesian State, or raise the
price of Materials (BBM), policy cash transfers to the poor but to help those
laid off in the hands of the people or communities in need, delivering aid
policy BOS funds to facilities State education in Indonesia. But the government
of Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono in Indonesia's economy there is a problem in the
case of Century Bank which until now has not been resolved even spend 93
billion to resolve the Bank Century case.
Economic
conditions in the SBY government has developed very well. Indonesia's economy
grew rapidly in 2010 as the world economic recovery after the global crisis
from 2008 to 2009.
Bank
Indonesia (BI) estimates that Indonesia's economic growth may reach 5,5-6
percent in 2010 and increased to 6-6.5 percent in 2011. Thus Indonesia's
economic prospects will be better than expected. Meanwhile, the global economic
recovery had a positive impact on the development of the external sector of the
Indonesian economy. Indonesia's non-oil export performance in the fourth
quarter of 2009 recorded a growth high enough, reaching approximately 17
percent and still continue in January 2010.
One of
the main causes of the success of the Indonesian economy is the effectiveness
of government policies that focus on fiscal discipline and debt reduction
Negara.Perkembangan high that occurred in the last five years brought
significant changes to the perception of the world about Indonesia. But the
other major problems still exist. First, rapid macroeconomic growth has not
touched all levels of society as a whole. Although Jakarta is synonymous with high
economic vitality and other major cities in Indonesia have rapid economic
growth, there are still many Indonesian citizens living below the poverty line.
Policy pursued in the days of SBY
SBY's leadership future policy
stance are controversial are:
a.
reduce fuel subsidies, or in other words to
increase fuel prices. This policy is motivated by the rise in world oil prices.
Budget subsidies transferred to the education and health sectors, as well as
areas that support the well-being of society.
b.
The first controversial policy raises two
controversial policies, which direct cash assistance (BLT) for the poor. Most
BLT did not get to have the right hand, and the division caused various social
problems.
c.
Relying on bulk infrastructure development to
encourage economic growth as well as inviting foreign investors with the
promise of improving the investment climate. One of them is holding Indonesian
Infrastructure Summit in November 2006, which brought together investors with
head-kepaladaerah. Investment is a key factor to determine employment. This may
underlie the government's policy has always aimed to provide convenience for
investors, especially foreign investors, one of which is a revision of labor
laws. If more and more foreign investment in Indonesia, the expected number of
employment opportunities will also increase.
d.
State institutions KPK (Corruption Eradication
Commission) that run on the SBY able to eradicate the corrupt but still lags
far out of reach before because SBY implement systems Hard Soft Law is not Law.
That is SBY not crack down on the people who did so much corruption going on
money politics and the corruptors will not be a deterrent and many are repeat.
Judging from all the country could be harmed massively and to date the State's
economy is unstable.
e.
Fuel conversion program to gas fuel because
fuel supplies are running low and the high market price.
f.
Rice import policy, but this policy makes the
farmers because the price of paddy to scream or fall precipitously dropped.
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